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ETC’s logo
Electronic Theatre Controls (ETC) is a privately held corporation with global headquarters in Middleton, Wisconsin, United States. An international manufacturer of entertainment and architectural lighting systems, ETC offers professional lighting fixtures, lighting control consoles, dimming equipment and power distribution components. Specific products include the Source Four line of lighting fixtures; Ion, Eos, Congo, Congo jr, SmartFade, SmartFade ML, Emphasis, Obsession, Expression, and Express lighting control consoles; Sensor+ and SineWave dimming systems; Unison architectural-lighting control; and Smart Solutions lighting gear. ETC also manufactures the Transtechnik brand of dimming and control systems, studio automation systems, as well as IES Matrix dimming systems, used throughout Europe.
Contents
1 History
2 Timeline
3 Executives
4 External links
//
History
The Source Four, a revolutionary light by ETC
In 1975, Bill Foster and his younger brother Fred founded ETC while students at the University of Wisconsin-Madison. Bill was the first president of ETC. Fred is the current chief executive officer. During its first decade, ETC established itself as a manufacturer of microprocessor-based lighting control consoles.
By 1990, ETC had acquired Lighting Methods, Inc. (LMI), a Rochester, New York-based manufacturer of entertainment dimming systems. Soon, ETC became one of the largest fully-integrated entertainment lighting control manufacturers in North America, with offices in Middleton, WI; Orlando, FL; Rochester, NY; and Hollywood, CA.
In 1995, the company grew again when ETC acquired the lighting control division of London-based distributor ARRI GB. Also that year, ETC opened an office in Hong Kong, extending its expansion into Asia. In 1997, ETC opened an office in Copenhagen, Denmark, to serve the Northern European market, and a year later opened an office in Rome, allowing greater access to Southern Europe.
ETC acquired Transtechnik Lichtsysteme, Holzkirchen, Germany, in 2002, widening ETC market share in Europe. Continuing its growth, ETC took an equity position in Avab France in 2003. In 2004, ETC acquired pioneering Dutch sine wave-dimming manufacturer IES as well as its industrial weighing and measuring division Penko Engineering BV, both located in Veenendaal, the Netherlands.
In March, 2005, all formerly separate operations of ETC in Europe joined under the common corporate banner of ETC. ETC headquarters, located in Middleton, WI (near the state capital Madison) serves as the hub of global administration and manufacturing.
Timeline
1975 – Brothers Fred and Bill Foster begin work on a new lighting control console in the basement of a Madison, Wisconsin apartment.
1982 – ETC launches first ETC-branded console, Concept.
1987 – ETC designs and manufactures flagship Expression lighting control console.
1989 – ETC controls parade-float lighting for Disney, beginning a relationship that endures today, with ETC systems in all Disney theme parks worldwide.
1990 – In February, ETC acquires Lighting Methods, Inc., a Rochester, New York-based manufacturer of entertainment dimming systems. ETC becomes one of the largest fully integrated entertainment lighting control manufacturers in North America.
1992 – ETC introduces Source Four ellipsoidal spotlight, Obsession control console, and Sensor dimming at LDI (Lighting Dimensions International) 1992 tradeshow.
1995 – ETC expands into Asia with opening of Hong Kong office, and into Europe, acquiring the lighting control division of London-based distributor ARRI GB.
1996 – ETC introduces Unison lighting control systems for architectural applications.
1997 – ETC opens office in Orlando, Florida, to better serve southeastern U.S. ETC opens office in Copenhagen, Denmark, to better serve Northern European market.
1998 – ETC offers Irideon automated lighting within architectural product range (1998-2004).
1999 – ETC opens office in Rome to better serve southern Europe.
2000 – ETC becomes exclusive distributor of CAST Lighting WYSIWYG lighting design and visualization software (2000-2004). ETC begins year-long 25th birthday celebrations on December 24, 2000.
2001 – On May 14th, ETC achieves ertified to ISO 9002:1994 distinction. ETC purchases land in Middleton, WI, on which to build new 250,000-square-foot (23,000m2) headquarters and manufacturing facility.
2002 – ETC acquires German lighting company Transtechnik Lichtsysteme, Holzkirchen, Germany, from former parent-company Transtechnik GmbH. With purchase, ETC acquires Transtechnik dimming products, Voyager studio-automation system and the Avab control-console brand. On June 22nd, ETC receives ertified to ISO 9001:1994 distinction.
2003 – ETC takes equity position in Avab France. ETC introduces first ETC automated fixture for theater, Source Four Revolution. On August 26th, ETC Receives ertified to ISO 9001:2000 distinction.
2004 – In spring, ETC moves into new 250,000-square-foot (23,000m2) international headquarters in Middleton, Wisconsin. On May 26th, ETC acquires Dutch sine wave dimming manufacturer IES and its industrial weighing and measuring division Penko Engineering BV, located in Veenendaal, Netherlands. ETC introduces Congo lighting control console at PLASA 2004, London, September.
2005 – ETC extends the Smart Solutions line of compact lighting control gear with SmartSwitch, SmartLink and SmartStand. ETC’s Source Four Enhanced Definition Lens Tube (EDLT) debuted at LDI 2005 in Orlando, FL.
2006 – ETC debuts new 14, 70 and 90 Source Four field-angle spotlights. ETC becomes exclusive North American distributor of Pharos lighting control products, May 2006. ETC introduces the Eos lighting control system and the Congo jr console at LDI 2006, Las Vegas.
2007 – ETC introduces SmartFade ML lighting console at USITT tradeshow in Phoenix. ETC releases Ion lighting control system at LDI 2007, Orlando. The company also began construction on an addition to its Middleton, WI, headquarters.
2008 – ETC unveils new Unison Paradigm architectural control system, featuring Paradigm and SmartLink, at Lightfair tradeshow, Las Vegas, May 2008. ETC completes 80,000-square-foot (7,400m2) addition.
Executives
Fred Foster, Chief Executive Officer
Dick Titus, President
Matthew Brookfield, General Manager, ETC Ltd.
Jimmy Cheung, Managing Director, ETC Asia
Julie Cymbalak, VP, Human Resources and IT
Sarah Danke, VP, Professional Services
Steve Downs, VP, Quality and International Operations
Bill Gallinghouse, VP, Business Development and Marketing
Bill McGivern, VP, Manufacturing
Philipp Schaeffer, General Manager, ETC GmbH
Pekka Sundstedt, General Manager, Penko
Steve Terry, VP, Research & Development
Mark Vassallo, VP, World Sales
Mark Veldey, VP, Finance
External links
ETC website
Categories: Electronics companies of the United States | Companies based in Wisconsin | Stage lighting
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Fatty acids are an important source of energy for many organisms. Excess glucose can be stored efficiently as fat. Triglycerides yield more than twice as much energy for the same mass as do carbohydrates or proteins. All cell membranes are built up of phospholipids, each of which contains two fatty acids. Fatty acids are also used for protein modification. The metabolism of fatty acids, therefore, consists of catabolic processes which generate energy and primary metabolites from fatty acids, and anabolic processes which create biologically important molecules from fatty acids and other dietary carbon sources.
Contents
1 Overview
2 Fatty acids as an energy source
3 Digestion and transport
4 Oxidation
5 Synthesis
6 Regulation and control
7 See also
8 References
9 External links
//
Overview
Lipolysis is carried out by lipases.
Once freed from glycerol, free fatty acids can enter blood and muscle fiber by diffusion.
Beta oxidation splits long carbon chains of the fatty acid into acetyl CoA, which can eventually enter the TCA cycle.
Briefly, ?-oxidation or lipolysis of free fatty acids is as follows:
Dehydrogenation by acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, yielding 1 FADH2
Hydration by enoyl-CoA hydratase
Dehydrogenation by 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase, yielding 1 NADH
Cleavage by thiolase, yielding 1 acetyl-CoA and a fatty acid that has now been shortened by 2 carbons (acyl-CoA)
This cycle repeats until the FFA has been completely reduced to acetyl-CoA or, in the case of fatty acids with odd numbers of carbon atoms, acetyl-CoA and 1 mol of propionyl-CoA per mol of fatty acid.
Fatty acids as an energy source
Fatty acids, stored as triglycerides in an organism, are an important source of energy because they are both reduced and anhydrous. The energy yield from a gram of fatty acids is approximately 9 Kcal (39 kJ), compared to 4 Kcal/g (17 kJ/g) for carbohydrates. Since the hydrocarbon portion of fatty acids is hydrophobic, these molecules, can be stored in a relatively anhydrous (water free) environment. Carbohydrates, on the other hand, are more highly hydrated. For example, 1 g of glycogen can bind approximately 2 g of water, which translates to 1.33 Kcal/g (4 Kcal/3 g). This means that fatty acids can hold more than six times the amount of energy. Put another way, if the human body relied on carbohydrates to store energy, then a person would need to carry 67.5 lb (31 kg) of hydrated glycogen to have the energy equivalent to 10 lb (5 kg) of fat.
Ruby-throated humming bird
Hibernating animals provide a good example for utilizing fat reserves as fuel. For example, bears hibernate for about 7 months and during this entire period the energy is derived from degradation of fat stores.
Ruby-throated Hummingbirds fly non-stop between New England and West Indies (approximately 2400 km) at a speed of 40 km/h for 60 hours. This is possible only due to the stored fat.
Digestion and transport
Fatty acids are usually ingested as triglycerides, which cannot be absorbed by the intestine. They are broken down into free fatty acids and monoglycerides by pancreatic lipase, which forms a 1:1 complex with a protein called colipase which is necessary for its activity. The activated complex can only work at a water-fat interface: it is therefore essential that fatty acids (FA) be emulsified by bile salts for optimal activity of these enzymes. People who have had their gallbladder removed due to gall stones consequently have great difficulty digesting fats[citation needed]. Most are absorbed as free fatty acids and 2-monoglycerides, but a small fraction is absorbed as free glycerol and as diglycerides. Once across the intestinal barrier, they are reformed into triglycerides and packaged into chylomicrons or liposomes, which are released into the lymph system and then into the blood. Eventually, they bind to the membranes of hepatocytes, adipocytes or muscle fibers, where they are either stored or oxidized for energy. The liver acts as a major organ for fatty acid treatment, processing chylomicron remnants and liposomes into the various lipoprotein forms, namely VLDL and LDL. Fatty acids synthesized by the liver are converted to triglyceride and transported to the blood as VLDL. In peripheral tissues, lipoprotein lipase digests part of the VLDL into LDL and free fatty acids, which are taken up for metabolism. This is done by the removal of the triglycerides contained in the VLDL. What is left of the VLDL absorbs cholesterol from other circulating lipoproteins, becoming LDLs. LDL is absorbed via LDL receptors. This provides a mechanism for absorption of LDL into the cell, and for its conversion into free fatty acids, cholesterol, and other components of LDL. The liver controls the concentration of cholesterol in the blood by removing LDL. Another type of lipoprotein known as high density lipoprotein, or HDL collects cholesterol, glycerol and fatty acids from the blood and transport them to the liver. In summary, Chylomicrons carry diet-derived lipids to body cells; VLDL carry lipids synthesized by the liver to body cells; LDL carry cholesterol round the body; and HDL carry cholesterol from the body back to the liver for breakdown and excretion.
When blood sugar is low, glucagon signals the adipocytes to activate hormone sensitive lipase, and to convert triglycerides into free fatty acids. These have very low solubility in the blood, typically about 1 ?M. However, the most abundant protein in blood, serum albumin, binds free fatty acids, increasing their effective solubility to ~ 1 mM. Thus, serum albumin transports fatty acids to organs such as muscle and liver for oxidation when blood sugar is low.
Oxidation
Main article: Fatty acid degradation
Fatty acid degradation is the process in which fatty acids are broken down, resulting in release of energy. It includes three major steps:
Activation and transport into mitochondria,
?-oxidation
Electron transport chain
Fatty acids are transported across the outer mitochondrial membrane by carnitine-palmitoyl transferase I (CPT-I), and then couriered across the inner mitochondrial membrane by carnitine. Once inside the mitochondrial matrix, fatty acyl-carnitine reacts with coenzyme A to release the fatty acid and produce acetyl-CoA. CPT-I is believed to be the rate limiting step in fatty acid oxidation.
Once inside the mitochondrial matrix, fatty acids undergo ?-oxidation. During this process, two-carbon molecules acetyl-CoA are repeatedly cleaved from the fatty acid. Acetyl-CoA can then enter the TCA cycle, which produces NADH and FADH. NADH and FADH are subsequently used in the electron transport chain to produce ATP, the energy currency of the cell.
Synthesis
See Fatty acid
See Fatty acid synthesis
Regulation and control
It has long been held that hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL) is the enzyme that hydrolyses triacylglycerides to free fatty acids from fats (lipolysis). However, more recently it has been shown that at most HSL converts triacylglycerides to monoglycerides and free fatty acids. Monoglycerides are hydrolyzed by monoglyceride lipase; adipose triglyceride lipase may have a special role in converting triacylglycerides to diacylglycerides, while diacylglycerides are the best substrate for HSL.. HSL is regulated by the hormones insulin, glucagon, norepinephrine, and epinephrine.
Glucagon is associated with low blood glucose, and epinephrine is associated with increased metabolic demands. In both situations, energy is needed, and the oxidation of fatty acids is increased to meet that need. Glucagon, norepinephrine, and epinephrine bind to the G protein-coupled receptor, which activates adenylate cyclase to produce cyclic AMP. cAMP…
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Lace knitting.
Lace knitting is a style of knitting characterized by stable “holes” in the fabric arranged with consideration of aesthetic value. Lace is sometimes considered the pinnacle of knitting, because of its complexity and because woven fabrics cannot easily be made to have holes. True knitted lace has pattern stitches on both the right and wrong sides; knitting with pattern stitches on only one side of the fabric, so that holes are separated by at least two threads, is technically not lace, but often called “lacy knitting”.
Eyelet patterns are those in which the holes make up only a small fraction of the fabric and are isolated into clusters (e.g., little rosettes of one hole surrounded by others in a hexagon).
At the other extreme, some knitted lace is almost all holes, e.g., faggoting. Famous examples include the wedding ring shawl of Shetland knitting, a shawl so fine that it could be drawn through a wedding ring. Shetland knitted lace became extremely popular in Victorian England when Queen Victoria became a Shetland lace enthusiast. From there, knitting patterns for the shawls were printed in English women’s magazines where they were copied in Iceland with single ply wool.
Knitted lace with no bound-off edges is extremely elastic, deforming easily to fit whatever it is draped on. As a consequence, knitted lace garments must be blocked or “dressed” before use, and tend to stretch over time.
Contents
1 Technique
2 Simple examples
3 History and comparison to other laces
4 References
//
Technique
Lace scarf during blocking
A hole can be introduced into a knitted fabric by pairing a yarn-over stitch with a nearby (usually adjacent) decrease. If the decrease precedes the yarn-over, it typically slants right as seen from the right side (e.g., k2tog, not k2tog tbl; see knitting abbreviations). If the decrease follows the yarn-over, it typically slants left as seen from the right side (e.g., k2tog tbl or ssk, not k2tog). These slants pull the fabric away from the yarn-over, opening up the hole.
Pairing a yarn-over with a decrease keeps the stitch count constant. Many beautiful patterns separate the yarn-over and decrease stitches, e.g., k2tog, k5, yo. Separating the yarn-over from its decrease “tilts” all the intervening stitches towards the decrease. The tilt may form part of the design, e.g., mimicking the veins in a leaf.
There are few constraints on positioning the holes, so practically any picture or pattern can be outlined with holes; common motifs include leaves, rosettes, ferns and flowers. To design a simple lace motif, a knitter can draw its lines on a piece of knitting graph paper; right-slanting lines should be produced with “k2tog, yo” stitch-pairs (as seen on the right side) whereas left-slanting lines should be produced with “yo, k2tog tbl” (or, equivalently, “yo, ssk” or “yo, skp”) stitch pairs (again, as seen on the right side). More sophisticated patterns will change the grain of the fabric to help the design, by separating the yarn-overs and decreases.
Simple examples
A horizontal row of holes can be produced by the pattern: *k3, k2tog, yo, k3*.
A pair of vertical columns can be produced by stacking the pattern: (k, k2tog, yo, k, yo, k2tog tbl, k) on the right side. Here the flanking decreases slant outwards away from the central stitch. For a thicker central column, one can move the decreases so that they slant inwards: (k, yo, dec 2 symmetrically, yo, k). For making the same pattern on the wrong side, the converse stitch patterns are: (p, p2tog, yo, p, yo, p2tog tbl, p) and (p, yo, dec 2 symmetrically, yo, p), respectively.
A diagonal row of holes can be made by shifting the (yo, dec) every row or every other row, e.g.,
Row 1: k, k2tog, yo, k5
Row 3: k3, k2tog, yo, k3
Row 5: k5, k2tog, yo, k1
History and comparison to other laces
Lace knitting is generally not as fine as other forms of lace, such as needle lace or bobbin lace. However, it is better suited for garments, being softer and much faster to produce.
References
(2002) Vogue Knitting: The Ultimate Knitting Book, updated ed., Sixth and Spring Books. ISBN 1-931543-16-X
(1979) Reader’s Digest Complete Guide to Needlework, Reader’s Digest Association. ISBN 0-89577-059-8
June Hemmons Hiatt (1988) The Principles of Knitting, Simon and Schuster, pp. 92-105. ISBN 0-671-55233-3
v?d?eKnitting
Tools and materials:
Boucl Eyelash yarn Knitting needle Needle gauge Novelty yarn Yarn Variegated yarn
Styles:
Circular Combined knitting Continental knitting English knitting Flat Warp knitting Weft knitting
Stitches:
Decrease Dip stitch Elongated stitch Increase Plaited stitch Yarn over
Techniques:
Basketweave Bead knitting Bias knitting Binding off Bobble Brioche knitting Buttonhole Cables Casting on Double knitting Drop-stitch knitting Entrelac Faggoting Fair Isle Finger knitting Gather Grafting Hemming Intarsia Lace Medallion knitting Picking up stitches Pleat Ribbing Shadow knitting Short row Slip-stitch knitting Spool knitting Tuck Uneven knitting Weaving Welting
Patterns:
Aran Argyle
Machine knitting:
Complete garment knitting Fully-fashioned knitting Knitting machine Stocking frame
Knitters anddesigners:
Nicky Epstein Kaffe Fassett Knitters in literature Marianne Kinzel William Lee Gwen Matthewman Shannon Okey Stephanie Pearl-McPhee Alice Starmore Debbie Stoller Meg Swansen Barbara G. Walker Elizabeth Zimmermann
Related:
Basic knitted fabrics Blocking Dye lot Gauge History Knitta Knitted fabric Knitting abbreviations Selvage Steek Stitch ‘n Bitch
v?d?eLace types
Needle lace:
Punto in Aria Point de Venise Point de France Alen?on Argentan Argentella Armenian Hollie Point Point de Gaze Youghal LimerickEmbroidered: Reticella Buratto Filet/Lacis Tambour Teneriffe Needlerun NetCut Work: Battenberg Broderie Anglaise Carrickmacross
Bobbin lace:
Ancient: Antwerp Ecclesiastical Freehand TorchonContinental: Binche Flanders Mechlin Paris ValenciennesPoint ground: Bayeux Blonde Bucks point Chantilly T?nder Beveren LilleGuipure: Genoese Venetian Bedfordshire Cluny MaltesePart laces: Honiton Bruges BrusselsTape: Milanese Flemish Russian Peasant
Tape lace:
Mezzopunto Princess Renaissance Romanian point
Knotted lace:
Macram Tatting
Crocheted lace:
Irish crochet Hairpin Filet crochet
Lace knitting:
Lace knitting
Machine-made lace:
Warp Knit Bobbinet Leavers Pusher Barmen Curtain Machine ChemicalHand Finished: Hand-run Gimps
Categories: Knitted fabrics | Knitting ornaments | Lace
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For the defunct British ITV franchise, see Television South.
The TVS Television Network, or TVS for short, was a syndicator of American sports programming. It was one of several “occasional” national television networks that sprang up in the early 1960s to take advantage of the establishment of independent (mostly UHF) television stations and relaxation of the AT&T long-line usage rates.
Today, the network continues to distribute programming via TV, home video, and the Web in North and South America. The Copyright Group distributes TVS internationally. They have also returned to Las Vegas, shooting new versions of The Hollywood Palace at the Plaza Casino Hotel. The TVS network company is wholly owned by Margate Entertainment, based in Henderson, Nevada.
Contents
1 History
2 “Game of the Century”
3 See also
4 References
5 External links
//
History
Eddie Einhorn had begun broadcasting radio coverage of college basketball, and built a network of radio stations that covered the NCAA Division I Men’s Basketball Tournament games. He later moved into television coverage of college basketball games.
Founded by Eddie Einhorn, the network originally telecast college basketball games to regional networks at a time that the sport was of no interest to the national networks. Taking advantage of intense regional collegiate rivalries, the network blossomed in the 1960s and developed into a full service sports network. While college basketball remained the TVS Television Network’s signature series, they also expanded into tennis, college football bowl games, NASL pro soccer, tennis, and golf.
On on January 20, 1968, TVS put together the “Game of the Century” (see below) between the UCLA Bruins and Houston Cougars basketball teams at the Houston Astrodome. This was the game that made college basketball a television broadcast commodity. Six years later (January 28, 1974), TVS televised another historic basketball game as the Bruins fell to Notre Dame, 71-70, breaking the Bruins’ 88-game winning streak.
For several years, TVS produced games of the NCAA basketball tournament. Many of its productions were shown on NBC Sports, with announcers Dick Enberg, Al McGuire, Bob Costas, Barry Tompkins and Billy Packer.
TVS later entered into a cooperative agreement with NBC Sports in order to augment NBC’s regional college basketball coverage (NBC talent, TVS production crews). In 1974, they added the World Football League and the network became recognized as a national presence. TVS also aired the World Championship Tennis.
In the 1970s, TVS began producing entertainment programming, including Frank Sinatra: The Main Event in 1974. For many years, TVS produced sports and entertainment programming from Las Vegas including The Alan King Tennis Championship at Caesars Palace; Arm Wrestling at the Imperial Palace, Fun Moments in Sports at Bally’s; Bowling from Sam’s Town and the Showboat; The Ladies Pro Bowlers Tour (LPBT), and One Club Golf from the Desert Inn.
By 1980, Eddie Einhorn had sold his interest in the network and became the head of CBS Sports, and later became an owner of the Chicago White Sox with Jerry Reinsdorf. The network stalled in the 1990s and passed through several owners before being acquired by Margate Entertainment in 2005.
TVS now operated by executives Charry Kennedy and Tom Ficara, supplies its programming library via IPTV networks such as (http://www.TVSBoxing.Net) and (http://www.FrontRowSportsEntertainment.Com). TVS Programming can also be seen on TV4U on HP, a private network embedded on 16 million HP computers via their Media Smart program.
Some TVS programs are available from the TV4U.com website, mostly under the category “classic sports.”
“Game of the Century”
See also: Game of the Century (college basketball)
The game that really brought televised college basketball to where it is today was a Prime time Saturday night broadcast on January 20, 1968 between two powerhouse teams that had met in the 1967 NCAA Men’s Division I Basketball Tournament. The number two and undefeated Houston Cougars hosted the number one and undefeated UCLA Bruins at the Houston Astrodome. The Bruins were the defending national champions and were on a 47 game winning streak. Eddie Einhorn paid $27,000 for the broadcast rights on TVS. In the end, Einhorn signed up 120 stations, many of which would infuriate the networks they were affiliated with by canceling their regular programming to show the game. The Bruins lost to the University of Houston Cougars at the Astrodome in front of a record crowd (at the time) of 52,693. This game was dubbed the “Game of the Century”. Previously, only NCAA post-season games were broadcast on national television, but only on evidence that broadcasters were going to make a profit from the broadcasts. The “Game of the Century” between the Houston Cougars and the UCLA Bruins proved that Americans were willing to watch college basketball games during the regular seasons.
See also
1968 in television
Game of the Century (college basketball)
References
^ Jerry Wizig – It’s been 20 years since they’ve played The Game of the Century. Houston Chronicle, January 20, 1988
^ Ron Rapoport – 1968: Houston vs. UCLA at the Astrodome – The game that took college basketball to a new level. UCLA fell at the cavernous Astrodome and had its 47-game winning streak stopped. Los Angeles Times, January 20, 2008 link at Latimes.com
When March Became Madness, by Eddie Einhorn. Published in 2006.
Einhorn, Eddie; Ron Rapaport. How March Became Madness: How the NCAA Tournament Became the Greatest Sporting Event in America. Chicago, Illinois: Triumph Books. ISBN 1-57243-809-6.
External links
1968-1981 College Basketball TV history
v?d?eDefunct English Broadcast television networks in the United States
Major networks
DuMont PTEN The WB* UPN NET
*Relaunced as an online network on April 28, 2008.
Specialty networks
All News Channel AIN AZN TV The Box Channel America Hughes Television Network Mizlou Television Network NBC Weather Plus Network One Overmyer Network Paramount Television Network PBS YOU PTL Satellite Network The Tube TVS UATV WCSN VTN
Home shopping networks
America’s Store Shop at Home
v?d?eSports television in the United States
Broadcast divisions
CBS Sports ? ESPN on ABC ? Fox Sports ? NBC Sports
National networks
ESPN ? ESPN2 ? ESPN Classic ? ESPNEWS ? Fox Sports Net ? Versus
Specialty networks
Big Ten Network ? CBS College Sports Network ? ESPNU ? Fox College Sports ? Fox Soccer Channel ? Fuel TV ? GOL TV ? Horse Racing TV ? MLB Network ? MountainWest Sports Network ? NBA TV ? NFL Network ? NHL Network ? Setanta Sports North America ? The Ski Channel ? Speed ? Outdoor Channel ? Golf Channel ? Tennis Channel ? TVG Network
Occasional broadcasts
HBO ? ION Television ? MyNetworkTV ? PBS ? Sci Fi Channel ? Showtime ? Spike ? TBS ? TNT ? USA Network ? WGN America
Regional sports networks
4SD ? Altitude Sports and Entertainment ? Bright House Sports Network ? Buckeye Cable Sports Network ? ? Comcast/Charter Sports Southeast ? Comcast SportsNet ? Comcast Television (Michigan) ? Cox Sports (New England)? Cox Sports TV (New Orleans) ? Fighting Sioux Sports Network ? Fox Sports Net ? Metro Sports ? Mid-Atlantic Sports Network ? MSG Network ? MSG Plus ? New England Sports Network ? Oregon Sports Network? SportsNet New York ? SportSouth ? SportsTime Ohio ? Sun Sports ? Time Warner Cable SportsNet (Upstate New York) ? Time Warner Cable Sports 32 ? YES Network
Syndicators
America One ? ESPN Plus ? Raycom Sports
Spanish language
ESPN Deportes ? Fox Sports en Espa?ol
Broadband services
ESPN360…
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Exopack Advanced Coatings
Type
Private
Founded
August 6, 2007
Headquarters
Matthews, North Carolina, USA; North Wales, UK
Industry
Coatings
Products
precision-coated papers, films and specialty substrates for imaging, electronics, medical and optical technologies
Website
www.exopackadvancedcoatings.com
Exopack Advanced Coatings (EAC) is a division of Exopack Holding Corp, owned by Sun Capital Partners, a private investment firm. EAC has two facilities located in Matthews, North Carolina, USA and North Wales, UK.
EAC specializes in the development, manufacture and distribution of precision-coated papers, films and specialty substrates for imaging, electronics, medical and optical technologies. They also offer unique specialty films and coating services.
Contents
1 History
2 About Advanced Coating
3 Applications and technologies
4 References
5 External links
//
History
The Matthews facility can be traced back to its establishment in 1963 as Riegel Paper, and the North Wales to 1968 as Brittains Riegel. There were various changes on the name due to merger and acquisition during the years.
In 2002, Sun Capital Partners acquired the Image Product Division from Rexam PLC, and renamed it “InteliCoat”. The Matthews and North Wales facilities were the EEF (electronics and engineered film) division of InteliCoat.
On August 6, 2007, the EEF division separated from InteliCoat to form Exopack Advanced Coatings, and became a division of Exopack LLC, which is also an affiliate of Sun Capital Partners.
About Advanced Coating
A coating is a covering that is applied to an object to protect it or change its appearance. They may be applied as liquids, gases or solids. The material on which the coating is deposited is usually referred to as a substrate. Advanced Coating usually refers to those coating processes with complicated formulation of chemistry with the aim of achieving specific attribute on the film/paper/substrate/foil surface, this is the same as we may easier understand the contribution of new material development which may change our way of living through revolutionary products. However, generally we don’t see and notice the significance of coating, as it’s usually a process during the production of material or product. That’s why make “coating” become “what you don’t see that makes things great.”
Applications and technologies
Medical film
Breathable polyurethane film for wound care, this film is actually the substrate of the product, which enable comfortable application on human skin and excellent convenience to mark this product as a new generation.
Electronic film, phototool for printed circuit board, APF, dry film photoresist
A phototool diazo film is designed for the purpose of printed circuit board manufacturing, both the circuitry image transfer and soldermask LPI process. This film is critical for most of the circuit boards production, and PCB is the critical part of almost any electronic products.
APF is short for atwork protect film, designed for the purpose of protecting phototool from scratching and chemical erosion without sacrificing the transparency and imaging quality, hence improve the durability and lower the cost of use.
Dry film photoresist is another important material used in PCB manufacturing for the graphic transfer
Conductive film, whiteboard, battery packs component
Electronic Whiteboard is now becoming more and more popular in both school classrooms and business meeting rooms, the dry erase attribute and interactive function make them a product to change the way we communicate on writing. The key component on electronic whiteboards is the conductive film on the back and the hardcoat film to protect from scratching on the front surface. Battery current collector is a specially coated conductive foil which is chemical erosion resistant, used in the lithium polymeric metal (LPM) battery to collect current. This component is critical for batteries designed to power a 100% electric car which is a hot project on the market.
Optical film, window film, photochromic eyeglass
Window film is a transparent plastic film or metallic laminate which is applied to glass windows. It is available in many different compositions with varying effects on the optical and mechanical properties of the underlying glass. Because window film is applied to finished glass it is easier to install and less costly than chemically-altered specialty glass.
Digital printing, flexo
Flexo is an abbreviation of Flexography, a method of printing most commonly used for packaging (labels, tape, bags, boxes, banners, etc.). Flexo was pioneered by Barry Pannowitz and Alf Green, and later by Dean Gleeson and Patrick Crouch who worked together in eradicating Moire, the clashing of screen angles.
Microfilm
Microfilms are processed films that carry images of documents to users for transmission, storage, reading and printing. Microform images are commonly reduced about 25 times from the original document size. For special purposes, greater optical reductions may be used. All microform images may be provided as positives or negatives, more often the second.
Custom coating
Custom coating is to customize the coating process and chemistry formulation for specific customer only, can be totally base on customer provided formulation, or can be a co-operated development with customer. In most cases, custom coating partners with top industry leader to coat their advanced products.
References
1. Image Products Division Announces Acquisition by Sun Capital Partners, Inc.
2. Technologies Announces The Sale Of Its Electronic And Engineered Films Business Unit
3. Method and apparatus for aligning phototools for photoprocessing of printed circuit boards US Patent Issued on August 9, 1994
4. Wound care technologies: Future unknown Advances in Wound Care, Nov/Dec 1999 by Thomas, Cathy Copyright Springhouse Corporation Nov/Dec 1999 Provided by ProQuest Information and Learning Company.
5. Exopack To Supply Critical Current Collector For Revolutionary Battery On New 100% Electric Car – Reuters News
External links
Official Corporate Website of Exopack Advanced Coatings
Thermal Spray Coatings, by Centre for Advanced Coating Technologies, University of Toronto
Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology
Categories: Companies based in North Carolina | Companies of Wales
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Volvo’s first overhead valve passenger car engine was the straight-4 B4B of 1944 and its descendants, the B14A and B16. These were cast iron engines, and used just three main bearings.
Contents
1 B4B
2 B14A
3 B16
4 See also
5 References
//
B4B
Introduced in 1944, the B4B displaced 1.4L (1414cc/86in3) and powered the Volvo PV444. It was departure for Volvo who had not produced an automobile with a four-cylinder engine in nearly 20 years. The B4B was equipped with a single down-draught carburettor. Suppliers of ancilliaries included Autolite (ignition distributors and generators), Zenith and Carter (carburettors), and Bosch (ignition distributors, generators and starter motors.)
B14A
The B14A was essentially a twin carb version of the B4B Volvo engine. These two engines were nearly identical, except for the induction systems. The B14A carb system was supplied by the British SU carburetor concern and the carbs used were designated HS2. These dimunitive carbs familiar to any English sports car fan improved the acceleration and overall performance of the B4B which in turn accomplished Volvo’s corporate desire to make the PV444 cars powered by these engines more attractive to the American audience whose attention Volvo hoped to gain.
While B14A engines are considered rare in the US setting, they were even rarer in Europe. The production run lasted for one year. Some of the earliest P1900 roadsters were built with B14s but many of the short production of 67 of these open fiberglass cars received the replacement for the B14 the B16.
B16
The B16A and B16B (single carb and twin carbs respectively) were a 1.6L (1583cc/96in3) development of the B14A which in turn was sired by the B4B. These engines were fitted to the PV444 in its final two years (1957 and 1958), the Volvo PV544 in its 1958 introduction, as well as the companion estate and van versions known as Volvo P445, Volvo P210, and Volvo Duett. A new Volvo automobile introduced in 1956, known in some markets as the Volvo Amazon or Volvo 122 was the first production Volvo to sport this engine in any significant number although some of the later examples of the short-lived Volvo P1900 were also fitted with them. Other applications of this engine found use in marine, industrial and agricultural settings. The Volvo BM T425 tractor is one such example of a non-automotive use for the B16.
The appearance of the B16 was not unlike its predecessor, the B14. The block and cylinder heads bore no particular difference at a glance. The B16B sported twin SU HS4 carbs, notably larger in size than the B14A’s HS2 carbs. Also the remote oil filter attached next to the water pump on the ignition distributor side of the engine on the B14 had been relocated to a housing under the intake and exhaust manifold side on the B16. The exhaust manifold which dumped centrally on the B14 now was made to exit towards the rear of the B16 manifold.
In automotive applications the B16 was featured from 1957 to 1961 model years although in marine and industrial applications it was used for a number of years after. It was replaced in 1962 model year cars by the 5 main-bearing B18 engine of 1.8 litres which had been first seen by the automotive public in the 1961 Volvo P1800 sports car. With the discontinuation of the B16 also came the end of 6 volt electrical systems in Volvo cars.
See also
List of Volvo engines
References
“Chronology of Volvo Engine Development”. Volvo Books. http://www3.bc.sympatico.ca/Volvo_Books/engine2.html. Retrieved on April 12 2006.
Categories: Volvo engines
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Dualit Limited
Type
Private
Founded
Over fifty years ago
Headquarters
West Sussex, United Kingdom
Website
[http://www.dualit.com
Dualit is a British manufacturer of kitchen and catering equipment, best known for their range of heavy-duty toasters. The Dualit toaster is regarded as a design classic, thanks in part to its retro styling. It differs from most other toasters in that it is relatively simple in construction, with an electromechanical timer and using a manual lever mechanism to lift the toast from the toasting slots. It is also easily repairable, with replacement elements and other parts available, so it typically has a longer service life than contemporary electronic toasters. Although it was primarily designed for the commercial catering market, its classic appearance has led to its becoming trendy in the domestic market, described by The Observer as a “symbol of the kitchen porn 90s”.
Design
Designed by inventor Max Gort-Barten in the early 1950s, the Dualit toaster is notable for its ‘large loaf’ shape, characterised with cooling slots at both ends of the unit. These are necessary for the periods of extended use, expected of the toaster in the busy environment of the commercial caf or canteen. The units are available in different sizes, with various slot numbers and are manufactured in a range of colours. The simple hand-built process used in their manufacture, with each part held together with visible screws, makes the toaster robust, yet easy to disassemble and repair. Another distinguishing feature of these machines is the electromechanical timer which makes a loud whirring noise when in use.
Dualit have manufactured a diverse range of kitchenware products in recent years, including smaller domestic toasters, kettles, mechanical scales and digital radios.
The iconic status of the Dualit toaster has let to it being widely imitated and in some cases these copies have been subject to legal action from Dualit.
References
^ Observer Food Monthly, September 12 2004
^ Trademarks hearing, Australia
External links
Official website
Categories: Home appliance manufacturers | Household and personal product companies of the United Kingdom
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The Oseberg ship (Viking Ship Museum, Norway)
Detail from the Oseberg ship
View from the front.
The Oseberg ship is a well-preserved Viking ship discovered in a large burial mound at the Oseberg farm near T?nsberg in Vestfold county, Norway. The burial mound contained numerous grave goods and two female human skeletons. The ships internment into its burial mound dates from 834, but parts of the ship date from around 800, and the ship itself is thought to be older. It was excavated by Norwegian archaeologist Haakon Shetelig and Swedish archaeologist Gabriel Gustafson in 1904-1905. This ship is widely celebrated and has been called one of the finest finds to have survived the Viking Age. The ship and some of its contents are displayed at the Viking Ship Museum, Bygd?y, Oslo.
Contents
1 Ship structure
2 Human remains
3 Grave goods
4 See also
5 Notes
6 References
7 External links
//
Ship structure
The ship is a clinker built ‘karv’ ship built almost entirely of oak. It is c. 22 m long and 5 m broad, with a mast of approximately 9-10 m. With a sail of c. 90 m2, the ship could achieve a speed up to 10 knots. The ship has 15 pairs of oar holes, which means that 30 people could row the ship. Other fittings include a broad rudder, iron anchor, gangplank and a bailer. The bow and stern of the ship are elaborately decorated with complex woodcarvings in the characteristic “gripping beast” style, also known as the Oseberg style. Although seaworthy, the ship is relatively frail, and it is thought to have been used only for coastal voyages.
Human remains
The skeletons of two women were found in the grave. One, aged 60-70, suffered badly from arthritis and other maladies; the second was aged 25-30. It is not clear which one was the more important in life or whether one was sacrificed to accompany the other in death (see human sacrifice). The opulence of the burial rite and the grave-goods suggests that this was a burial of very high status. One woman wore a very fine red wool dress with a lozenge twill pattern (a luxury commodity), and a fine white linen veil in a gauze weave, while the other wore plainer blue wool dress with a wool veil, showing some stratification in their social status. Neither woman wore anything entirely made of silk, although small silk strips were appliqued onto a tunic worn under the red dress. Dendrochronological analysis of timbers in the grave chamber dates the burial to the autumn of 834. Although the high-ranking woman’s identity is unknown, it has been suggested that it is the burial of Queen ?sa of the Ynglinge clan, mother of Halfdan the Black and grandmother of Harald Fairhair. This theory has been challenged, and some think that she may have been a priestess. There were also the skeletal remains of 14 horses, an ox and three dogs found on the ship as well.
Still, recent tests of the women suggest that they lived in Agder in Norway, just as Queen ?sa of the Ynglinge clan.
According to Per Holck of Oslo University, the younger woman ancestors came to Norway from the Pontic littoral, probably Iran. Although this fact has not been proved, artifacts recently found have provided new insight into the discovery.
Examinations of the skeletons have provided more insight into their lives, though much remains a mystery. The younger woman had a broken collarbone, initially thought to be evidence that she was a human sacrifice, but a closer examination showed that the bone had been healing for some time. Her teeth also showed signs she used a metal toothpick, a rare 9th century luxury.
The older woman appeared to have cancer, which was the likely cause of death. She also suffered from Morgagni’s syndrome, a hormonal disorder that would have given her a masculine appearance, including a beard. Both women had a diet composed mainly of meat, another luxury when most Vikings ate fish. However, there was not enough DNA to tell if they were related, for instance a queen and her daughter.
Grave goods
The grave had been disturbed in antiquity, and precious metals were absent. Nevertheless, a great number of everyday items and artifacts were found during the 1904-1905 excavations. These included four elaborately decorated sleighs, a richly carved four-wheel wooden cart, bed-posts, wooden chests. More mundane items such as agricultural and household tools were also found. A series of textiles included woolen garments, imported silks and narrow tapestries. The Oseberg burial is one of the few sources of Viking age textiles, and the wooden cart is the only complete Viking age cart found so far. A peacock was also found; this is quite surprising as peacocks are only native to hot climates, and Norway was certainly not one. It is also one of the few period examples of the use of what has been dubbed the valknut symbol.
See also
…(and so on)
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For less technical information on horse colors generally, see Equine coat color.
Equine coat color genetics determine a horse’s coat color. All horses begin genetically with a base coat of “red” (chestnut) or “black.” This base color is designated as “e” for the recessive red allele and “E” for the dominant black allele. Separate genes or “modifiers” act upon the expression of base colors to create all other equine coat colors.
Coat color alleles affect melanin, the pigment or coloring of the coat. There are two chemically distinct types of melanin: phaeomelanin, which is perceived as red to yellow color, and eumelanin, is perceived as brown to black. All coloration genes in mammals affect either the production or distribution of these two chemicals.
Genes appear in sets of two, with each individual gene “option” being called an allele. Because sex cells (sperm and ova) contain only half the usual number of chromosomes, each parent contributes one allele in each gene set to the ensuing offspring. When an individual’s gene set contains two copies of the same allele, it is called homozygous for that gene. When it has two different alleles, it is heterozygous. For a recessive gene to be expressed, it must be homozygous, but a dominant gene will be expressed whether it is heterozygous or homozygous. A horse homozygous for a certain allele will always pass it on to its offspring, while a horse that is heterozygous carries two different alleles and can pass on either one.
Contents
1 Background information
2 Alleles and effects
3 Genetic formulas and color definitions
4 Lethal roan question
5 See also
6 References
7 Sources and external links
//
Background information
There are currently two major theories of equine coat color genetics: those based on the work of the late Dr. Ann T. Bowling of the University of California, Davis and of Dr. Phillip Sponenberg of Virginia Polytechnic Institute. These theories overlap, and have more similarities than differences.
The terms Alleles and Modifiers are used interchangeably in this article. An allele identified with a capital letter is a dominant gene, one identified with a lower-case letter is a recessive gene.
The genetics of white horse markings are not yet fully understood but are probably influenced by multiple alleles.
Note: For a quick lesson in genetics and heredity, see the articles on alleles or other footnoted tutorials on inheritance.
Alleles and effects
Alleles
Effect of combined pairs of alleles
E
Ee
EE or Ee: Horse forms black pigment in skin and hair.ee: Horse is chestnut, it has black pigment in skin, but red pigment in hair.
White, gray, agouti, roaning, pattern (spotting) and dilution genes will all modify both red and black.
E+ also noted as Ed.
E+e+
Fading and non-fading black: proposed theory, allele yet to be located, does not appear to occur on the same locus as the E and e alleles.[citation needed]
E+E+or E+e+: Dominant black, non-fading horse. One theory, unproven and highly unlikely, is that E+ is dominant over agouti.e+e+: no effect.
A
Aa
Agouti: Acts on “E” to restrict eumelanin, or black pigment, to “points,” allowing red coat color to show on body. Has no visible effect on “e” or red, as there is no black pigment to restrict.AA or Aa horse is a Bay, black hair shows only in points pattern (usually mane, tail, legs, sometimes tips of ears).aa: No agouti gene. If horse has E allele, then horse will be uniformly black.
W
Ww
WW: Lethal. Embryo reabsorbed or fetus dies en utero.
Ww: Horse has pink skin and white hair, with blue or light-colored eyes. Hair coat is white from birth.ww: Horse is fully pigmented.
G
Gg
GG or Gg: gray gene. Horse shows progressive silvering with age to white or flea-bitten, but is born a non-gray color. Pigment is always present in skin and eyes at all stages of silvering. Gray horses range from white to dark gray depending on age and the proportion of white hairs in the coat. Horses’ coats gray in a manner similar to graying in human hair.gg: Horse does not gray with aging.
Cr
CrC
Cream gene The cream gene is an incomplete dominant.
CC: No dilution factor, horse is fully pigmented. (UC Davis abbreviates as N.)CCr: Single dilution factor (heterozygous dilute) results in Palomino, Buckskin or Smoky Black. Red pigment is diluted to gold with cream to white mane and tail; black pigment is not visibly altered on black points or black horses, though genetic testing can reveal “smoky black” coloration. (UC Davis abbreviates as N/Cr.)CrCr Cremello or Perlino: Double dilution factor (homozygous dilute). Red pigment is diluted to a pale cream. Black pigment is diluted to a reddish shade. Skin and eye color are also diluted, skin is pink and blue eyes are…(and so on)
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Big Jim was a popular line of action figure toys produced from 1972 through 1986 by Mattel for the North American and European markets. In Latin America was renamed Kid Acero, and for a short period of time, Mark the Strong in Europe. Originally inspired by G.I. Joe, the Big Jim line was smaller in size(closer to 10 inches in height compared to Joe’s 12) and each figure included a push button in the back that made the character execute a karate chop action. The action figure’s arms were made of a soft plastic/vinyl material and contained a mechanism that simulated the bulge of a biceps when the arm was bent. Big Jim was less military-oriented than the G.I. Joe line, having more of a secret agent motif, but also had a large variety of outfits and situations available including sports, space exploration, martial arts, hunting, western, camping and even unusual choices such as fishing and photography.
Contents
1 Basic characters
2 The Original Edition
3 P.A.C.K Series
4 Spy Series
5 Pirate Series
6 Big Jim’s Vehicles & Bikes
7 Other related toys
8 Kid Acero
9 Karl May’s ? Winnetou & Old Shatterhand
10 James Bond, Agent 007
11 Iron Jaw
12 Other Media
13 References
14 External links
//
Basic characters
Characters are sorted in the year in which they made their first appearance. Note most of them were produced for several years after their initial release.
Original Mark Strong the Man (1972)
Mark Strong – Big Jim’s former concept – The basic figure dressed in orange shorts with white stripes with karate board, dumbbell and test of strength belt. He was released on Europe only.
Original Big Jim Basic series (1972)
Big Jim – the “basic” good guy leader of the PACK. He was an average Caucasian male with no other distinguishable characteristic, except having a permanent good attitude and joy for life.
Big Jack – One of the first African American characters with friendly attitude which made it into the toys without racial stereotypes.
Big Josh – Effectively Big Jim with a beard. He is one of Jim’s best friends, and was supposed to be the tough guy among the group.
Big Jeff – Big Jim’s third buddy. A blond who was also Jim’s opponent in the Olympic boxing match set, even though both Jim and Jeff are on the American team.
Dr. Steel – He came with a steel right hand and an iron pipe, and a big dragon tattoo on his chest. Most of the time, kids thought of him as being an evil villain for the first series, but it turned out he was also one of the good guys, as he re-appeared as an official member of the P.A.C.K. In other countries he remained as a villain though.
Chief Tankua – Jim’s Native American friend. He came with bow and arrow, and was the first character who wears a wolf tattoo, which eventually became the P.A.C.K. image.
P.A.C.K. Series (1976)
Warpath – He is Tankua with a different name. Exactly the same figure.
The Whip – A weapons specialist who masters all kind of weapons. He came with boomerangs, bola and whip, from which he take the nickname. The Whip it’s one of the few Big Jim characters know for an alias instead of his real name.
Torpedo Fist – Probably the strangest of all members of the P.A.C.K., he was the only one who had “superpowers”. While all other members of the group were normal humans with no other special ability except their agility and normal strength, Torpedo has a telescopic cybernetic arm.
Zorak – A reputed scientist who performed several genetic experiments with his own body, until he finally became a major menace. He’s mostly like The Hulk, who transforms into a monster. He was the villain in the P.A.C.K. series. Not to be confused with the unrelated character of the same name from Space Ghost.
Spy series (1982)
Agent 004 – Big Jim, with a new secret identity.
Joe – A professional alpinist who helps agent 004.
Professor O.B.B. – An Asian gentlemen with refined moods and a dangerous profession. His character was created partially based on James Bond’s Doctor No.
Boris – He looked like a European driver, mostly a soviet soldier, and was originally inspired by OddJob, from Goldfinger. He has a steel cap on his skull and a fist which could extend from his wrist with a cable. A remarkably similar character named Brocken would later appear in the World Heroes video game series.
Global Command series (1985)
Commander Jim – Big Jim, this time as the leader of an adventure team, a bit similar as the original P.A.C.K., but this time also oriented to spy and space adventures.
Astros – Described mostly as a loyal friend of Jim. He was initially dressed as an space man.
Dr. Alec – A member of Global Command specialized on jungle and desert missions.
Baron Fangg – A long time enemy and rival of Doctor…(and so on)
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